motions & forces

teacher notes

Risk Management Information

Student Ownership: Prior to engaging with the TEEMSS on-line Project, I accessed student agreement for participation.

Commitment: As a class we used a Stair-Stepping graphic organiser to investigate what we would need to do throughout the each stage of the project to achieve quality outcomes.

Teams and Enterprise Traits: We explored the notion of what traits we would need to develop/show if we were enterprising people. We then unpacked those to help clarify our thinking. Students constructed posters showing Key Enterprise Information and displayed those around the room for on-going reference. These were used to help student assess their enterprise skills levels (Enterprise Wheels) and to form teams based on that information. The Enterprise Wheels also supported students with goal setting for further development.

Literacy and Science: Students investigated science concepts to help their understanding of those associated with the TEEMSS project. Explicit teaching of Report, Explanation, Procedural and Exposition genre assisted them in engaging at a more independent level and in formulating, rationalising and articulating ideas. A First Steps Self-Assessment proforma was developed to guide learning and assess outcomes.

Numeracy and Science: Through associated Science investigations, students developed mathematical language, collected data and put it to data tables and a range of graphs, then interpreted those. They also explored a range of formulae such as:

Working Scientifically: Through everyday activities that involved fair testing, construction of air-cart parts (battery holders, switches etc), development and use of science-specific language and so on, students developed their skills in working scientifically.

Access to On-line Learning: With at least 1/3 of our class comprising of students of ESL and another proportion of Successful Learners, we sought to ensure that the procedures that were published on-line were accessible to all. To achieve that, students developed strategic partnerships to navigate the web site. They then made recommendations for changes and they published clarifications.

Access to Learning Technologies: Through explicit teaching and exploration, students became familiar with the palm-held computers, software and peripherals. All tools of technology were stored in kits for easy access. Our class used 4 palm-held computers and associated tool-kits. Students explored in teams of 3 or 4, with half a class involved at a time in accessing the kits. Others engaged in related Science activities. After each full-rotation, the whole class regrouped to share outcomes, discuss problems and solutions and to prepare for the next lesson.

TEEMSS Pre and Post-Test: From the concept questions forwarded from Concord Consortium to ascertain outcomes, I constructed an on-line Pre and Post-Test proforma. Students completed these prior to engaging in the TEEMSS Project and again at the end.

Resource Development and Enterprise: To explore the self-maintenance and longevity of such a learning project, the class explored ways in which resources could be accessed and developed. Initially, most of the parts were purchased by me and/or via our ‘Class Budget’. Some of this was undertaken by the students and some by me. This unfolded into 5 main parts:

Each student undertook the responsibility of distributing and maintaining a given resource to ensure on-going access.

Safety: Students reworked safety warnings on the website, to construct safety action.

Example:
Tracker Safety: The fan that is mounted on the air-cart can hurt fingers when powered by the battery.
Students’ Solution: Make a cage for the fan, or a switch that connects the battery to the engine so that it can be switched on well away from the blades.

Other Safety Tips:
* Wear cloth gloves when using glue gun
* Have a lesson on cutter techniques
* Make sure that work space is clear

Risk Management Pre-Unit and Related Lessons and Teacher Notes

Resource management
Ensured students’ access to on-line materials:
* Literacy issues
* System crashes and download costs (printed off hard-copy and constructed a display)
* Stored resources in labelled containers where practical
* Introduced concept of Enterprise
* Resource Development and Management Plan

Assessment
Enterprise Wheel (Pre and Post Assessment)
First Steps Self Assessment (Pre and Post Assessment)
Motions and Forces Concept Challenge (Pre and Post Assessment)

Literacy
* Science-Specific language development
* Explored recall of genre. Example: For explanation genre, students wrote an explanation of workings of a mechanical object) ->1st Steps Pre-Assessment ->Explicit Teaching -> Consolidation through use and reflection -> Post Assessment
* Also explored Exposition, Procedural and Report genre with a comparable process to that above
* Thesaurus use to support expansion of science-specific language knowledge and use
* Use of 1st Steps Self-Assessment to reflect on on-going outcomes
* Constructed Mind Maps to illustrate meaning of key words related to motions and forces

Numeracy
* Walking activity related to measuring speed. Looked at data collection, the above-mentioned formula, and variance in relation to cause and effect
* Rolling and throwing activities to explore speed and variance in relation to technique and force
* Timed sprint activity -> rounding off to one decimal point -> graphed results -> discussion about the longest time meaning the shortest distance travelled/second
* Observed, then used sand, water etc to map movement of self-propelled toys to explore pathways and effects of various surfaces in relation to speed and distance
* Explicit teaching in summarising findings using maths and science specific language
*
Explored the difference and the relationship between mass & weight (1kg = 9.8 N)

Technology
* Familiarisation with learning technologies
* Construction of battery-holders using supplied materials
* Construction of switches, using diagram procedure
* Cart repairs and strengthening techniques

Science
* Exploration of electrical circuits
* Exploration of conductors of electricity
* Investigated the stability of a range of 2D and 3D shapes
* Found the centre of gravity/mass of 2D and 3D shapes
* Explored the relationship between equilibrium and balance. Identified forces that came into play
* Explored zero, potential and kinetic energy by dropping a ball from 2 metres, observing responses and measuring


Enterprise Information
See printable version of Enterprise Indicators

Science Information
Energy lost to friction ends up as heat energy. Sources of friction in this Science unit will primarily be that generated by the axles rubbing against the straw, wobbling of wheels on the floor if it occurs, and some rolling friction as the cart moves along the floor/surface.

Static friction is the force between surfaces before an object moves. Kinetic friction is the force between the surfaces as the object slides along. Kinetic friction is fairly constant no matter how fast the object is sliding.

Air resistance also will come into play as the air-cart hits air molecules and pushes them out of the way. Air resistance increases with increased velocity, so the force needed to keep a car going at 60km/hr is much greater than for 20km/hr. A battery-operated propeller attached to the cart is used in this unit to generates a light, constant force.

Speed is how fast the cart is travelling. Velocity involves speed and direction (see above formulae). A position graph on the palm-held would might show velocity in the following way: as the cart moves forward the position graph would be positive, it would be at zero when stopped, then move into negative when moving backwards as the position decreases.

The motion of an object is its position, how fast it is moving, and in what direction (ie., it’s position and velocity). The SmartWheel Probe measures the distance the wheel travels along the ground, and it subtracts distance if it rotates in reverse. In a straight line, the SmartWheel will determine a position measurement that will increase if in one direction, and decrease if travelling in another.

Sophisticated electronics senses the rotation of the SmartWheel and generates a graph on the computer to show the data. There are two beams that allow the computer to determine the direction in which the wheel is turning. If the wheel is turning one direction, the computer adds 1 each time the beam is blocked, but if it turns the other direction, it subtracts 1. The computer program interprets this information either as position (how many black lines go by) or as velocity (how fast the black lines go by).

Some useful resources to support your acquisition of knowledge:
* ScienceScope 3: Units of Work for Junior Secondary (Longman Education)
* ScienceScope 4: Units of Work for Middle Secondary and Enrichment (Longman Education)
* http://www.sasked.gov.sk.ca/docs/midlsci/gr7ucmsc.html
* http://www.glenbrook.k12.il.us/gbssci/phys/Class/newtlaws/newtltoc.html
* http://hep.physics.indiana.edu/~rickv/force_and_motion.html
* http://www.physicsclassroom.com/Class/newtlaws/newtltoc.html

Lesson 1 Teacher Notes

Placed a copy of the TEEMSS Motions and Forces Challenge under each student’s name for individualised access, then put all names into a TEEMSS folder in ‘Group Shared’. Used an example ‘problem, answer, proof ‘ with class to clarify process.

Lesson 2 Teacher Notes

Enterprise Wheels were constructed using the following traits: Managing Risk, Confidence, Communication, Problem Solving, Organisation and Planning, Resourcefulness, Teamwork, Creativity, Determination, Initiative, Seeing Opportunities, Decision Making.

Peers pre-TEEMSS assessed each other’s enterprise levels, then students added their own self-assessments in another colour. Students completed the pre-assessment key. The class reviewed each enterprise trait & what they would need to do to achieve growth. (They completed enterprise indicators at the beginning of the year. These were used for reference). Students negotiated team formations based on these pre-assessments with the aim of starting out with a strong shared-skills balance in all teams.

Lesson 3 Teacher Notes

In teams students examined a commercially produced battery holder. They were then provided with a brass split pin, fine wire, film canister with hole in lid, 2 electrical wires, 2 AA batteries.

Lesson 4 Teacher Notes

Students were provided with some diagram explanations of switches & how they are used. To complete the task of constructing a switch, they had access to a pop-stick, foil, 2 drawing pins, 1 large paper clip, 2 electrical wires, battery holders from previous day and a motor.

Lesson 7 Teacher Notes

Students found that if their air carts had wobbly wheels etc, friction increased and caused the cart to slow down. They hypothesised that the carts that travelled the greatest distance had the least friction; that friction acted against the cart to slow it down to an eventual stop.
Students then came back to the ‘workshop’ to make improvements that they believed would reduce friction. Students explored variance in relation to outcomes, and looked for ways to obtain controlled conditions in their tests.

Lesson 8 Teacher Notes

 

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